Andy Green's Bloodhound project diary - December 2012

The 'Future of Speed' was made in a Bentley Mulsanne at 190mph on Bonneville Salt Flats (and at 190mph, 3 minutes is a long time).The really fun bit though was doing an interview with Jay Leno in his world-famous garage (above). If I ever win the Lottery (which is unlikely, I don't buy any tickets) then I'd have a garage like that, perhaps with less cars and more aeroplanes, but the same general idea. While I was in LA, our Senior Engineer Brian Coombs and veteran aerodynamicist Ron Ayers were hard at work on the Bloodhound track. The rainy season will start any time soon on Hakskeen Pan, in the Northern Cape of South Africa, so this was their last chance for a few months. They were there to test the desert/wheel interaction, and they learned a lot more than we had expected (have a look at Ron's article for more detail). Unfortunately it's not all good news, but if breaking the World Land Speed Record was easy, everyone would be doing it. The team mounted 2 wheels to a purpose built trailer, which was the result of truly amazing effort from 3 engineers in South Africa our huge thanks go Fabian, Hentie and Colin for working through the night, followed by a 25-hour non-stop drive to get it there in time. They then filled 'Mad Max' (a good name for a collection of spare parts running on a desert!) with water to a total of 3.8tonnes half the mass of the fully fuelled 1000mph car. Towing the trailer along the desert would then tell us how deep the wheels dig into the desert, the width of the V shaped grooves would show how consistent the surface is, and the changes over the new repairs would show how well the desert was recovering. First the good news. We've been debating how wide the wheels need to be, estimating somewhere between 90 and 120mm at the rim, to support the full weight of the Car. The tracks left on the desert were mostly around 70mm wide, which means that 90mm should be more than enough. Narrow wheels equals light weight rims equals reduced loads at peak speeds. To give you some idea, peak speed for the wheels is 10,300rpm at 1000mph, which gives a peak load of 50,000 times the force of gravity at the wheel rim. To try and picture this acceleration force, if we put a 1kg bag of sugar on the wheel rim, it would exert a force of 50tonnes (more than the weight of a fully loaded articulated lorry) at full speed. So reducing the total load on the wheel is a very good thing and narrower, lighter wheels will do just that. Next the not quite so good news. The surface hardness is a little uneven, with the recent repairs rather softer than the rest of the surface. I was surprised to find that the causeway repair, where the old man-made road was graded down to its original level, is actually harder than the surrounding lake bed surface. That means that the Car may have a tendency to jump upwards slightly as it hits the causeway at around 600mph. However, the 'jump' should only be around 10mm, as the wheels will be 'planing' on the surface at that speed, and 10mm is well within the suspension travel of +/-50mm. So far, so alright. Now the thing that could worry us the most. As the V shaped keels are pressed into the surface with nearly 2tonnes of load each, the small stones embedded just below the surface are forced against the aluminium surface and dig in. This was the same effect that we saw 15 years ago with Thrust SSC running on the stony surface of a Jordanian Desert. However, the damage on Hakskeen seems to be worse, particularly when we ran the trailer over the (harder) causeway surface. Damage on a highly loaded wheel, taking up to 50,000G at 1000mph, is not a good thing, given that I'm going to be riding on 4 of them. We've got several options to consider. The damage should not be as bad on the final forgings, which will be a harder alloy than these test wheels. We can reduce the load on the point of the wheel by reducing the angle of the 'V', spreading the load over more of the tread. We can make our early runs south of the causeway (which stills gives us almost 10 miles of track), to check the damage once the Car is running at speed, when the wheel rut will be shallower and the stone impacts less deep. Finally, if this is a major problem after we've done our first season of testing next year, we can look at making the wheels from steel if we need to we know that they can be made thin enough, and steel should be more than hard enough. All this could look quite worrying but this is exactly what an 'Engineering Adventure' is all about. If we hadn't made a trailer and tested the wheels, we wouldn't know about any of this until we arrived with a ready to run Car next year. As it is, the more problems we know about, the more solutions we can take with us. It makes the engineering task more challenging, but if breaking the World Land Speed Record was easy. The build of the Car is progressing nicely. The rear lower chassis has now been delivered to the Bloodhound Technical Centre in Bristol, while the rear sub frame (the strong bit at the back that supports the rocket and rear suspension) is being manufactured. The team at Nuclear AMRC are doing impressive bits of machining to deliver some beautiful bits for the back end of the Car. The upper rear chassis, which carries the jet engine and supports the Fin is now about to be manufactured. The Hyde engineers have been working closely with the Bloodhound team on the design of the Fin, which includes the stress analysis. This looks at the loads on the structure, as well as the natural frequencies (the rate at which each part will 'vibrate' under load) and the challenge is to make sure that the different frequencies on the Car don't interfere with each other! For example, the frequency of the Fin is around 45 Hertz that's 45 oscillations per second when it's being buffeted by supersonic airflow. Another major input is the airflow around the airbrakes, so we need to make sure that the airbrake frequency is nowhere near 45 Hz. Bloodhound stress engineer Roland has been looking at 2 options for making the airbrakes, aluminium (frequency 45 Hz!) and carbon fibre (frequency 80 Hz), so the need to avoid 45Hz makes the choice fairly simple. Add in the difference in mass between aluminium (88kg) and carbon fibre (18kg) and there's no contest we're having carbon fibre panels for the airbrakes. URT is busy laying up the carbon fibre monocoque which forms the structure around my 1000mph office and has already delivered some fibreglass test pieces ('splashes') so that we can start fitting out the cockpit. It's starting to feel very real now but that didn't stop our computational fluid dynamics expert Ben from jumping into the upper cockpit splash as it arrived, just to try it out. Following our very successful rocket firing in October, we've conducted an independent review to confirm the results and the choice of rocket for us. We're grateful that some of the UK's leading rocket scientists found the time to mark our homework and the rocket scored well! The review panel confirmed that the Falcon hybrid rocket concept would be capable (with some development, of course) of getting us to 1000mph. However, the panel did not agree with our thrust figure of 6.5tonnes (calculated from our collection of load cells). Their assessment of the rocket parameters suggests that the thrust should be higher than that – hope they're right! The next set of rocket firing tests will be in the New Year, so we'll know soon enough. Just in case we haven't got enough going on right now, the Bloodhound Technical Centre is about to move. With the build of the Car ramping up, plus a lot of support equipment and vehicles arriving soon, we need more room! We're staying in the Bristol area, and will probably move at the end of February. The bigger Centre should also give us more room for visitors, so if you want to come and see the world's first 1000mph Car, join our 1K Supporters' Club and come to one of our open days we'd love to see you there.