Smart Manufacturing relies on a greater convergence of the IT and OT layers of a business and if that is applied to an existing plant, it would be reasonable to assume that the potential for cyber-attack, if not understood and mitigated against would be higher.
If we were designing a new plant on a greenfield site, it would be relatively easy to build it while being mindful of all the current cyber-security issues and vulnerabilities. The reality is that most manufacturing plants in the UK have been around a long time and most of the automation considerations are centred around productivity not cyber-security. In this existing industrial landscape, it was realised that control systems were potentially vulnerable, often due to out of date or poorly maintained operating systems and CD drives or USB ports that had not been locked down.
Cyber-security is an arms race of escalating capabilities, so ‘defenders’ of vulnerable assets must see it as a journey rather than a destination, constantly reassessing the situation and implementing new defences whenever necessary. This is against the background of developing technologies and requirements that mean control systems are always becoming bigger, more complex, more distributed and increasingly open.
To be successful the defence strategy against cyber-attack must be seen in a holistic way and needs to happen at all levels of the enterprise. This must start at the plant level and automation equipment manufacturers must look to build in security as a natural part of the design process.
For instance, PLCs (programmable logic controllers) need to include multiple embedded features such as hardware security keys and multi-layer password structures.
Use of hardware security key authentication prevents programs from being opened or edited on unapproved personal computers that have not been “bound” to the security key. PLC CPUs can also be paired to the security key and programs will not run unless this hardware match exists. This also has the benefit of protecting the intellectual property of the control system. Additionally, IP filtering should be used to register the IP addresses of devices approved to access each PLC or HMI (Human Machine Interface). This makes unauthorised access much more difficult.
Whilst end users will want maximum security; they will also continue to insist on simplicity of operation. Some of these automation security measures, all of which are optional, could be argued to complicate operations and that is why a holistic view of security needs to be taken, considering all aspects of the operation. It may be that in some areas, some measures can be relaxed for the sake of continued operations and this is fine provided that the risk has been assessed and counter measures are implemented elsewhere to alleviate the threat. As with everything related to cyber-security the consideration has to be probability and risk, security and operational systems should be designed around these important criteria.
It is probably an unchangeable aspect of the human condition that some people will always seek unauthorised access to control systems. Therefore, manufacturers and control engineers must build security measures into their products and systems and recognise that these are surmountable hurdles rather than impregnable barriers, so must be constantly renewed and redeveloped.
Author profile:
Chris Evans, marketing & operations group manager, Mitsubishi Electric Europe B.V. Automation Systems Division
