Smart, self healing hydrogel binds in seconds

The novel material, developed by a team at the University of California, San Diego, has numerous applications, including medical sutures, targeted drug delivery, industrial sealants and self healing plastics. Hydrogels are traditionally made of linked chains of polymer molecules that form a flexible, jelly-like material similar to soft tissues. Until now, researchers have been unable to develop hydrogels that can rapidly repair themselves when a cut was introduced, limiting their potential applications. The team, led by Shyni Varghese, overcame this challenge by dangling side chain molecules that extend like fingers on a hand from the primary structure of the hydrogel network and enable them to grasp one another. "Self healing is one of the most fundamental properties of living tissues that allows them to sustain repeated damage," says Varghese. "Being bioengineers, one question that repeatedly appeared before us was if one could mimic self healing in synthetic, tissue-like materials such as hydrogels. The benefits of creating such an aqueous self healing material would be far reaching in medicine and engineering." To design the side chain molecules of the hydrogel that would enable rapid self healing, Varghese and her collaborators performed computer simulations of the hydrogel network. The simulations revealed that the ability of the hydrogel to self heal depended critically on the length of the side chain molecules, or fingers, and that hydrogels having an optimal length of side chain molecules exhibited the strongest self healing. When two cylindrical pieces of gels featuring these optimised fingers were placed together in an acidic solution, they stuck together instantly. Varghese's lab further found that by simply adjusting the solution's pH levels up or down, the pieces weld (low pH) and separate (high pH) very easily. The process was successfully repeated numerous times without any reduction in the weld strength. The researchers believe the material could be useful in the field of energy conservation and recycling where self healing materials could help reduce industrial and consumer waste. Additionally, the rapidity of self healing in response to acids makes the material a promising candidate to seal leakages from containers containing corrosive acids. To test this theory, Varghese cut a hole in the bottom of a plastic container, 'healed' it by sealing the hole with the hydrogel and demonstrated that it prevented any leakage of acid through the hole. Moving forward, Varghese and her team hope to test the material in its envisioned applications on a larger scale. The team also hopes to engineer other varieties of hydrogels that self heal at different pH values, thereby extending the applications of such hydrogels beyond acidic conditions.