Technique could make 3D printing faster and cheaper

The new method involves a cutting edge process known as high speed sintering (HSS). Unlike commercial 3D printers that use lasers, HSS marks the shape of the part onto powdered plastic using heat-sensitive ink, which is then activated by an infra-red lamp to melt the powder layer by layer and so build up the 3D part. The Sheffield researchers found they could control the density and strength of the final product by printing the ink at different shades of grey, and that they got the best results by using less ink than is standard. "All HSS work to date has involved printing 100% black, but this doesn't get the best results," explained Professor of Manufacturing Engineering Neil Hopkinson, from the University of Sheffield. "We found that there is a point at which, as the ink levels increase, the mechanical properties start to reduce. This enabled us to identify the 'sweet spot' at which you can gain maximum strength with the minimum amount of ink." The researchers were able to manipulate the density of the material by up to 4%, opening the door to the possibility of 3D printing parts with differing densities at different points. This would enable parts to have greatly reduced weight but equivalent mechanical strength – for example by having a dense outer shell and a lighter inner structure. "3D printing has focused on optimising the shape of a part in order to reduce its weight and still retain its mechanical properties," says Prof Hopkinson. "Printing in greyscale will enable us to optimise the material instead, in a process that would be feasible for commercial manufacture. And by making parts with different densities out of one material, we can also make recycling more straightforward." The ability to maximise strength while reducing weight means the technique would have obvious applications in the aerospace and automotive industries. But there are other sectors where it could bring benefits, too. One application envisaged by Hopkinson is in sports footwear, where soles are currently made from dual density foams and could be printed in one material using the new technique. Although still in development, HSS holds great promise for industrial use as the process can be scaled to work at comparable speeds to conventional high volume processes, such as injection moulding. The researchers say the new findings will further reduce the costs of manufacturing using HSS, by reducing the volume of ink energy required to make a product.