The team, led by scientists and engineers at the University of California, San Diego and General Atomics, developed a technique to ‘see’ where energy is delivered during a process called fast ignition, an approach to initiate nuclear fusion reactions using a high-intensity laser. Visualising the energy flow enabled the researchers to test different ways to improve energy delivery to the fuel target in their experiments.
Fast ignition involves two stages to start nuclear fusion. First, hundreds of lasers compress the fusion fuel (typically a mix of deuterium and tritium contained in a spherical plastic fuel capsule) to high density. Then, a high-intensity laser delivers energy to rapidly heat the compressed fuel. Scientists consider fast ignition a promising approach toward controlled nuclear fusion because it requires less energy than other approaches.
But in order for fast ignition to succeed, scientists need to overcome a big hurdle: how to direct energy from the high-intensity laser into the densest region of the fuel. "This has been a major research challenge since the idea of fast ignition was proposed," said Farhat Beg, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering and director of the Centre for Energy Research at UC San Diego.
To tackle this problem, the team devised a way to see where energy travels when the high-intensity laser hits the fuel target. The technique relies on the use of copper tracers inside the fuel capsule. When the high-intensity laser beam is directed at the compressed fuel target, it generates high-energy electrons that hit the copper tracers and cause them to emit X-rays that scientists can image.
"Before we developed this technique, it was as if we were looking in the dark. Now, we can better understand where energy is being deposited so we can investigate new experimental designs to improve delivery of energy to the fuel," said Christopher McGuffey, assistant project scientist in Beg's High Energy Density Physics Group at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.
After experimenting with different fuel target designs and laser configurations, researchers eventually achieved a record high efficiency of up to 7% energy delivery from the high-intensity laser to the fuel. The researchers said this result is said to demonstrate an efficiency improvement by around a factor of four compared to previous fast ignition experiments.
Computer simulations also predicted energy delivery efficiency as high as 15% if the experimental design was scaled up. But this prediction still needs to be tested, said Beg.
