Writing in the IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, they argue that surgical technology is often developed for well-resourced healthcare systems - and is of little or no use in poorer settings where hospitals lack sophisticated support infrastructure or appropriately trained staff.
Without access to medical equipment they can use, hospitals and clinics in low-to-middle income countries cannot offer surgical treatment to nine out of ten patients.
An international research team led by the University of Leeds is calling for a focus on creating medical devices specifically for use in low-to-middle income countries. They have pioneered a development approach based on “participatory design”, where the users of the technology are closely involved in its design - and where functionality of the device is pared back to key essentials.
To demonstrate their approach, the researchers describe how they designed a simplified surgical tool for performing laparoscopic - or keyhole - surgery in low resource settings. The result is that laparoscopic surgery can now be carried out in clinics and hospitals where it was not possible before.
Laparoscopic surgery
During laparoscopic operations, the surgeon inflates the patient’s abdomen with CO2 gas, to create space to see internal organs and to manipulate instruments. That comes with two challenges. It requires operating theatres to have a reliable CO2 gas supply. It also needs the patient’s abdominal muscles to be fully relaxed and that requires a general anaesthetic, and an anaesthetist to give it.
An alternative approach called gasless laparoscopy has been developed. Rather than pumping CO2 into the abdomen, a mechanical retractor or clamp is used to lift the abdominal wall. With this method, the patient does not need a general anaesthetic – instead, a spinal anaesthesia is given, and there is no need for an anaesthetist to be present.
But this alternative approach has failed to gain popularity, largely because of challenges with using and maintaining the retractors.
Fit for purpose design
The researchers, in partnership with surgeons and a medical device manufacturer in India, designed a new retractor, ensuring it was fit for purpose in a low-resourced healthcare setting.
The attached graphic shows how a small ring is manipulated onto the end of the retractor by a surgeon using keyhole techniques. When in place, the device is manually operated to gently lift the abdominal cavity upwards, creating the necessary space for the surgical team to operate.
Known as RAIS (Retractor for Abdominal Insufflation-less Surgery), the innovative retractor went through five design iterations before a prototype was developed and tested.
During a clinical evaluation, it was used in 12 laparoscopic operations: in four cases of appendicitis, two hysterectomies and six cases where the gall bladder was removed.
The scientific paper reports that there were no adverse events from using the retractor.
Lower costs
Dr Jesudian Gnanaraj, a surgeon who has pioneered gasless laparoscopic surgery and worked extensively in parts of rural India where surgery has not typically been available, said: “The biggest problem for rural surgeons needing to provide laparoscopic surgery is finding an anaesthesiologist and the equipment to give general anaesthesia.
“The RAIS device makes laparoscopic surgery possible, with lower costs and easily available resources like spinal anaesthesia.
“Providing laparoscopic surgery can help rural patients get back to work as soon as possible. This is vital because the longer they take to recover, the higher the chance of them falling below the poverty line.”
Writing in the research paper, the researchers said the device was “...considered convenient to setup in the operating theatre, could be readily cleaned and sterilised and transported within and between rural surgical sites”.
The simplified design of the retractor meant it was easier for the device manufacturer to get regulatory approval, with the time it takes to go from design to approval being four years in this case. It can sometimes take ten years.
The RAIS device meets the guidelines established by the World Health Organisation for the design and development of healthcare technology for low to middle income countries. It says they should follow four key principles, the 4As – affordability, accessibility, availability and appropriateness.
